Today, powered surgical hand tools are used in almost all surgical specialties: ENT, Orthopaedics, Neurology, Eye, and Plastics. Initially pneumati...

Stepper motors are generally driven in open loop mode. The controller defines timing of the pulses sent to the driver. The motor must be strong eno...

The large variety of motor technologies and corresponding control schemes available today to the design engineer and the dramatic pressure to reduc...